Western Capitalism Under Siege: The Influence of Russia and China’s Authoritarian and Economic Strategies
The influence of Russia and China on the Western world, particularly through the exploitation of capitalism’s inherent weaknesses, is a multifaceted and complex issue. This phenomenon is not just about economic competition or traditional forms of geopolitical maneuvering; it involves a deep-rooted challenge to the Western conception of global order, governance, and values.
Historical Manipulation and Authoritarian Control
Both Russia and China have been observed to manipulate historical narratives to reinforce their authoritarian control and to justify their political and territorial ambitions. Katie Stallard, in her book “Dancing on Bones,” highlights how these regimes use history as a tool for generating popular support. This manipulation offers a stable platform for authoritarian rulers, in contrast to the fluctuating nature of economic fortunes.
For instance, Russian President Vladimir Putin has used historical revisionism to justify the war in Ukraine, presenting a narrative of Russian-Ukrainian unity and portraying the West as a threat to this historical relationship. Similarly, Xi Jinping of China emphasizes a narrative of continuous Han-Chinese cultural dominance, despite historical periods where this was not the case, to justify actions against ethnic minorities like the Uyghurs and Tibetans.
The Rise of the Civilisational State
The emergence of China and Russia as “civilisational states” represents a significant shift in global politics. These states claim to represent not just a nation or territory but an entire civilization with unique cultural values and political institutions. This conception directly challenges the post-Cold War liberal world order, which was heavily influenced by Western norms and values.
China, under Xi Jinping, promotes a model of socialism infused with Chinese cultural elements, while Russia, under Putin, presents itself as a unique Eurasian civilization. This approach effectively rejects Western liberalism and positions these nations in opposition to the global market society championed by the West.
Exploitation of Western Capitalism’s Weaknesses
Russia and China have also been adept at exploiting the vulnerabilities of Western capitalism. The liberal market democracy, which once seemed unassailable, is now facing challenges from within and from these emerging civilisational states. The West’s focus on market fundamentalism and state capitalism has led to oligarchic concentrations of power and wealth, undermining fundamental freedoms and the separation of powers.
Moreover, the liberal West’s drive to spread its values and economic systems globally has often been perceived as cultural imperialism by Russia and China. These nations have responded by promoting their own cultural norms and rejecting Western universalism, challenging the idea of the nation-state as the international norm for political organization.
Geopolitical and Economic Strategies
Geopolitically, Russia and China have focused on strategic territorial claims and the assertion of their great-power status. They have engaged in territorial disputes, such as Russia’s actions in Ukraine and China’s claims in the South China Sea, to emphasize historical grievances and showcase the strength of their current leaders.
Economically, China, in particular, has been advancing under the guise of economic liberalism while simultaneously promoting a state-backed model that challenges Western economic dominance. This includes efforts like the Belt and Road Initiative and investment in Africa, Latin America, and Central Asia for market outlets and political influence.
Conclusion
The dynamic interplay between Russia and China’s historical manipulation, the rise of the civilisational state, exploitation of the weaknesses of Western capitalism, and their geopolitical and economic strategies present a significant challenge to the Western-dominated international order. These actions reflect a broader contest between differing civilizational norms and values, which is reshaping global politics and challenging the West’s ability to shape history and enforce its norms worldwide.
