France and Africa at a Crossroads: The Complex Dynamics of a Deteriorating Relationship
The relationship between France and Africa has been a complex and multifaceted one, shaped by a history of colonialism, economic ties, military interventions, and shifting geopolitical landscapes. In recent years, this relationship has seen a marked deterioration, with tensions rising and mutual trust waning. Here’s an exploration of the factors that have contributed to this falling out and what it might mean for the future.
French Colonialism and Its Legacy
The story of French-African relations cannot be told without acknowledging the shadow of colonialism. France’s colonization of much of West Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries left a lasting imprint on the region. Even after gaining independence in the 1960s, many African countries continued to feel the influence of France, especially in the military and economic spheres.
France’s military presence in Africa has been conspicuous, with more than 50 interventions since the 1960s. During the Cold War, France’s interventions were often framed as a defense against communism, aligning with its interests in maintaining regional hegemony. Even after the Cold War, France remained a security guarantor for many African governments.
Economically, France’s influence is evident in the CFA Franc, a currency used by many former colonies and pegged to the euro. This currency arrangement has been controversial, with some seeing it as a form of financial neocolonialism.
The Decline of French Influence
Despite the historical ties, France’s popularity in Africa has seen a decline, particularly in the last decade. Several factors contribute to this trend:
1. Military Failures: France’s inability to dislodge jihadists in the Sahel region, despite significant troop deployment, has led to frustration and disillusionment. The rise of jihadist-related attacks and political instability has led some African governments to seek alternative security arrangements, such as hiring private security firms like the Wagner Group in Mali.
2. Economic Shifts: France’s share of African trade has declined sharply, from 7% to about 2%. Emerging powers like India, Russia, Brazil, Turkey, and especially China have increased their presence in Africa. China now accounts for 17% of all African trade, providing cheap manufacturing in exchange for natural resources. This shift has reduced Africa’s economic dependence on France.
3. Information Warfare: France and the West have struggled to counter narratives from countries like Russia and China that paint them as hypocritical and incompetent neocolonialists. These narratives resonate with a new generation of African politicians who are more anti-colonial and open to new alliances.
4. Perceptions of Neocolonialism: France’s actions in Africa are often viewed through the lens of neocolonialism. Whether deploying troops or investing in the region, France faces accusations of neocolonial realism. In contrast, similar actions by Russia or China are seen as protective or supportive.
Macron’s Unsuccessful Reset
French President Emmanuel Macron attempted a “reset” of French-African relations during his first term, including returning cultural artifacts, committing to abolishing the CFA Franc, and ending secretive political and business connections. However, these efforts have been largely unsuccessful, and France’s reputation continues to decline.
Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
The falling out between France and Africa is a complex and multifaceted issue, rooted in history and shaped by contemporary geopolitical and economic realities. The decline of French influence and the rise of new powers in the region signal a shift in the balance of power.
Whether this trend will continue is uncertain. What is clear is that the relationship between France and Africa is at a crossroads, and the decisions made by both sides in the coming years will shape the future of this intricate and historically charged relationship.
